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Buddhism and science
Buddhism and science have increasingly been discussed as compatible, and Buddhism has entered into the science and religion dialogue.〔Yong, Amos. (2005) ''Buddhism and Science: Breaking New Ground (review)'' Buddhist-Christian Studies - Volume 25, 2005, pp. 176-180〕 The case is made that the philosophic and psychological teachings within Buddhism share commonalities with modern scientific and philosophic thought. For example, Buddhism encourages the impartial investigation of Nature (an activity referred to as ''Dhamma-Vicaya'' in the Pali Canon) — the principal object of study being oneself. Some popular conceptions of Buddhism connect it to discourse regarding evolution, quantum theory, and cosmology, though most scientists see a separation between the religious and metaphysical statements of Buddhism and the methodology of science.〔Donald S. Lopez Jr., (Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed ), (University of Chicago Press 2008)〕 In 1993 a model deduced from Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development was published arguing that Buddhism is a fourth mode of thought〔(Kress, Oliver (1993). "A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Cognition 2(4): 319-332. )〕 beyond magic, science and religion.〔Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja "Magic, Science and Religion and the Scope of Rationality" (Cambridge University Press 1990)〕
Buddhism has been described by some as rational and non-dogmatic, and there is evidence that this has been the case from the earliest period of its history, though some have suggested this aspect is given greater emphasis in modern times and is in part a reinterpretation.〔Snodgrass, Judith. (2007) ''Defining Modern Buddhism: Mr. and Mrs. Rhys Davids and the Pāli Text Society'' Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East - Volume 27, Number 1, 2007, pp. 186-202〕 Not all forms of Buddhism eschew dogmatism, remain neutral on the subject of the supernatural, or are open to scientific discoveries. Buddhism is a varied tradition and aspects include fundamentalism, devotional traditions,〔Safire, William (2007) ''The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge'' ISBN 0-312-37659-6 p.718〕 supplication to local spirits, and various superstitions.〔Deegalle, Mahinda (2006) ''Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka'' ISBN 0-7914-6897-6 p.131〕 Nevertheless, certain commonalities have been cited between scientific investigation and Buddhist thought. Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, in a speech at the meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, listed a "suspicion of absolutes" and a reliance on causality and empiricism as common philosophical principles shared between Buddhism and science.〔"The Neuroscience of Meditation." November 12, 2005 speech given by the Dalai Lama〕
== Buddhism and the scientific method ==
More consistent with the scientific method than traditional, faith-based religion, the Kalama Sutta insists on a proper assessment of evidence, rather than a reliance on faith, hearsay or speculation:
The general tenor of the sutta is also similar to "''Nullius in verba''" — often translated as "Take no-one's word for it", the motto of the Royal Society.〔(Robin Padilla (2008) ''Karma and the Cortex'' in Berkeley Science Review )〕
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